2003/11/06 by D. Froebrich, M. Smith, M. D. Smith +2 · 3 citations
Chemistry · Earth and Planetary Sciences · Physics and Astronomy · #Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies #Atmospheric Ozone and Climate #Molecular Spectroscopy and Structure #astro-ph
paper · pdf · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07072.x
published as Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 346 (2003) 163 · 14 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables, MNRAS in press
arxiv created 2003/11/06 · openalex publication_date 2003/11/14 · arxiv updated 2009/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/30
We present far-infrared maps and spectroscopy for a number of deeply embedded protostellar objects (Cep E, HH 211-MM, IC 1396 W, L 1157, L 1211, and RNO 15 FIR) from data that we acquired with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) photopolarimeter (PHOT) and Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS). Several previously undetected deeply embedded sources are found in the vicinity of our targets. We determine temperatures and luminosities of seven objects and locate them on an Lbol–Tbol diagram — the equivalent of a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram for protostars. Their masses and ages, according to their location on tracks taken from our evolutionary model, are derived. L 1211 and Cep E appear to be intermediate-mass objects which will reach final masses of about 3 M⊙, whereas the other sources are in or below the solar mass range. The derived ages of 15 000 to 30 000 yr are consistent with their current Class 0 state. A comparison of the luminosity of the associated outflows in the 1 – 0 S(1) line of molecular hydrogen with the source properties (bolometric luminosity, bolometric temperature and envelope mass) of 16 Class 0 sources shows no statistically significant correlations. Nevertheless, the data are consistent with a scheme in which the outflow strength and protostar evolve simultaneously. We show that the relationship is partially disguised, however, by the local properties of the surrounding material, the extinction and by short-term flux variability.