Discrimination and Health Inequities
2014/10/01 by Nancy Krieger · 51 citations
Social Sciences · Psychology · Health Professions · #Racial and Ethnic Identity Research #Migration, Health and Trauma #Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
paper · doi:10.2190/hs.44.4.b
Abstract
In 1999, only 20 studies in the public health literature employed instruments to measure self-reported experiences of discrimination. Fifteen years later, the number of empirical investigations on discrimination and health easily exceeds 500, with these studies increasingly global in scope and focused on major types of discrimination variously involving race/ethnicity, indigenous status, immigrant status, gender, sexuality, disability, and age, separately and in combination. And yet, as I also document, even as the number of investigations has dramatically expanded, the scope remains narrow: studies remain focused primarily on interpersonal discrimination, and scant research investigates the health impacts of structural discrimination, a gap consonant with the limited epidemiologic research on political systems and population health. Accordingly, to help advance the state of the field, this updated review article: (a) briefly reviews definitions of discrimination, illustrated with examples from the United States; (b) discusses theoretical insights useful for conceptualizing how discrimination can become embodied and produce health inequities, including via distortion of scientific knowledge; (c) concisely summarizes extant evidence--both robust and inconsistent--linking discrimination and health; and (d) addresses several key methodological controversies and challenges, including the need for careful attention to domains, pathways, level, and spatiotemporal scale, in historical context.
Cited by
- Structural Racism and Health Stratification: Connecting Theory to Measurement
- Structural Intersectionality as a New Direction for Health Disparities Research
- Adverse Infant Health Outcomes Increased After the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Among Non-White U.S.-born and Foreign-born Mothers
- Discrimination, Depression, and Anxiety Among US Adults
- The Health System Equity Action Framework: a review of Australian health equity frameworks and their operationalization of the Ottawa Charter
- New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 07: Human Health and Safety
- Everything about climate change is disproportionate: Principles for spatial justice in urban climate action
- The Effects of Racism in Medical Education on Students’ Decisions to Practice in Underserved or Minority Communities
- School Fairness and Repeated Bullying Victimization Among High School Students
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the Everyday Discrimination Scale and biomarker outcomes
- Perceived discrimination and mental health in the Japanese general population
- The Association between Religious Discrimination and Health: Disaggregating by Types of Discrimination Experiences, Religious Tradition, and Forms of Health
- Unveiling double standards: gendered racism and health disparities among African-Black and European-White migrant women in Italy / Desvelando dobles estándares: racismo de género y desigualdades de salud entre las mujeres migrantes en Italia
- A Tale of Two Childhoods: State-Level Ethnoracism is Associated with Fewer Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) for Non-Hispanic White Relative to Hispanic Youth
- Discrimination among American Indian and Alaska Native people: implications for public health communication
- Inequities in Child Protective Services Contact Between Black and White Children
- The rise of diversity terminology in biomedical research
- Multiple jeopardy, national wealth and perceived discrimination: Subjective health of intersecting minority groups across 28 countries
- The immediate effect of discrimination on mental health: A meta-analytic review of the causal evidence.
- Everyday and healthcare discrimination and polysubstance use among U.S. adults
- Racism and Health: Evidence and Needed Research
- Racism in European Health Care: Structural Violence and Beyond
- Unmasking population undercounts, health inequities, and health service access barriers across Indigenous populations in urban Ontario
- To race or not to race: A normative debate in the philosophy of race.
- Relationship Between Residential Racial and Economic Segregation and Main Causes of Death in US Counties
- Vicarious Racism and Vigilance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Mental Health Implications Among Asian and Black Americans
- EQUIP Healthcare: An overview of a multi-component intervention to enhance equity-oriented care in primary health care settings. [europepmc]
- The physical health of British adults with intellectual disability: cross sectional study. [europepmc]
- The environmental injustice of beauty: framing chemical exposures from beauty products as a health disparities concern. [europepmc]
- Worry about racial discrimination: A missing piece of the puzzle of Black-White disparities in preterm birth? [europepmc]
- Racial inequalities in health: Framing future research. [europepmc]
- How Equity-Oriented Health Care Affects Health: Key Mechanisms and Implications for Primary Health Care Practice and Policy. [europepmc]
- Racism and Health: Evidence and Needed Research. [europepmc]
- Culture, Race, and Health: Implications for Racial Inequities and Population Health. [europepmc]
- Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: A systematic review. [europepmc]
- Importance of collecting data on socioeconomic determinants from the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak onwards. [europepmc]
- Racism in European Health Care: Structural Violence and Beyond. [europepmc]
- Neighborhood-Level Redlining and Lending Bias Are Associated with Breast Cancer Mortality in a Large and Diverse Metropolitan Area. [europepmc]
- Understanding unequal ageing: towards a synthesis of intersectionality and life course analyses. [europepmc]
- The southern rural health and mortality penalty: A review of regional health inequities in the United States. [europepmc]
- Structural Racism and COVID-19 in the USA: a County-Level Empirical Analysis. [europepmc]
- Incorporating Measures of Structural Racism into Population Studies of Reproductive Health in the United States: A Narrative Review. [europepmc]
- Vicarious Racism and Vigilance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Mental Health Implications Among Asian and Black Americans. [europepmc]
- Racial disparities in COVID-19 pandemic cases, hospitalisations, and deaths: A systematic review and meta-analysis. [europepmc]
- Structural Intersectionality as a New Direction for Health Disparities Research. [europepmc]
- Improving The Measurement Of Structural Racism To Achieve Antiracist Health Policy. [europepmc]
- Racism in healthcare: a scoping review. [europepmc]
- Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention for Ethnoracially Minoritized Youth: A Conceptual Framework and Illustration Across Systems. [europepmc]
- Effective strategies in ending weight stigma in healthcare. [europepmc]
- The effects of social isolation stress and discrimination on mental health. [europepmc]
- Application of an antiracism lens in the field of implementation science (IS): Recommendations for reframing implementation research with a focus on justice and racial equity. [europepmc]
Related