1997/05/14 by A. Khvedelidze, A. M. Khvedelidze, V. V. Papoyan +2 · 1 citation
Physics and Astronomy · #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories #Relativity and Gravitational Theory #gr-qc
paper · pdf · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(97)00430-9
published as Phys.Lett. B402 (1997) 263-269 · 10 pages, LaTex
arxiv created 1997/05/14 · openalex publication_date 1997/06/01 · arxiv updated 2009/11/30 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01
The solution of the problem of describing the Friedmann observables (the Hubble law, the red shift, etc.) in quantum cosmology is proposed on the basis of the method of gaugeless Hamiltonian reduction in which the gravitational part of the energy constraint is considered as a new momentum. We show that the conjugate variable corresponding to the new momentum plays a role of the invariant time parameter of evolution of dynamical variables in the sector of the Dirac observables of the general Hamiltonian approach. Relations between these Dirac observables and the Friedmann observables of the expanding Universe are established for the standard Friedmann cosmological model with dust and radiation. The presented reduction removes an infinite factor from the functional integral, provides the normalizability of the wave function of the Universe and distinguishes the conformal frame of reference where the Hubble law is caused by the alteration of the conformal dust mass.