The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centers

1997/08/07 by John Magorrian, Scott Tremaine, Douglas Richstone +14 · 449 citations
Environmental Science · Physics and Astronomy · #Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena #Impact of Light on Environment and Health #Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies #astro-ph

paper · pdf · doi:10.1086/300353

published as Astron.J. 115 (1998) 2285 · 28 pages including 13 figures and 4 tables. Submitted to AJ

arxiv created 1997/08/07 · openalex publication_date 1998/06/01 · arxiv updated 2009/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/04

Abstract

We construct dynamical models for a sample of 36 nearby galaxies with Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) photometry and ground-based kinematics. The models assume that each galaxy is axisymmetric, with a two-integral distribution function, arbitrary inclination angle, a position-independent stellar mass-to-light ratio Υ, and a central massive dark object (MDO) of arbitrary mass M • . They provide acceptable fits to 32 of the galaxies for some value of M • and Υ; the four galaxies that cannot be fitted have kinematically decoupled cores. The mass-to-light ratios inferred for the 32 well-fitted galaxies are consistent with the fundamental-plane correlation Υ ∝ L 0.2 , where L is galaxy luminosity. In all but six galaxies the models require at the 95% confidence level an MDO of mass M • ∼ 0.006 M bulge ≡ 0.006Υ L . Five of the six galaxies consistent with M • = 0 are also consistent with this correlation. The other (NGC 7332) has a much stronger upper limit on M • . We predict the second-moment profiles that should be observed at HST resolution for the 32 galaxies that our models describe well. We consider various parameterizations for the probability distribution describing the correlation of the masses of these MDOs with other galaxy properties. One of the best models can be summarized thus: a fraction f ≃ 0.97 of early-type galaxies have MDOs, whose masses are well described by a Gaussian distribution in log ( M • / M bulge ) of mean -2.28 and standard deviation ∼0.51. There is also marginal evidence that M • is distributed differently for "core" and "power law" galaxies, with core galaxies having a somewhat steeper dependence on M bulge .

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• Pairing of Massive Black Holes in Merger Galaxies Driven by Dynamical Friction
• The Pairing Probability of Massive Black Holes in Merger Galaxies in the Presence of Radiative Feedback
• High-resolution radio observations of submillimetre galaxies
• Observational Support for Massive Black Hole Formation Driven by Runaway Stellar Collisions in Galactic Nuclei
• A census of metals at high and low redshift and the connection between submillimetre sources and spheroid formation
• Stellar collisions in galactic centres: black hole growth and colour gradients
• Simulations of momentum feedback by black hole winds
• Cosmic Star Formation History from Local Observations and an Outline for Galaxy Formation and Evolution
• Bulges and Disklike Components in the Host Galaxies of Low‐Redshift 3CR Sources: A Near‐Infrared View of Their Radial Brightness Profiles
• The extreme properties of the nearby hyper-Eddington accreting active galactic nucleus in IRAS 04416+1215
• The ages of quasar host galaxies
• Central Mass Concentration and Bar Dissolution in Nearby Spiral Galaxies
• A Search for Active Galactic Nuclei in Sc Galaxies with HiiSpectra
• On-axis spatially resolved spectroscopy of low redshift quasar host galaxies: HE 1503+0228, at z=0.135
• A low-luminosity type-1 QSO sample
• Finding Faint Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in the Radio Band
• Paving the way to simultaneous multi-wavelength astronomy
• Mass estimate of theSwiftJ 164449.3+573451 supermassive black hole based on the 3:2 QPO resonance hypothesis
• Super-Eddington growth of the first black holes
• Growing the first bright quasars in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• Environmental dependence of active galactic nuclei activity in the supercluster A901/2
• The Relationship between Stellar and Black Hole Mass in Submillimeter Galaxies
• Why are active galactic nuclei and host galaxies misaligned?
• Kinematic properties of early-type galaxy haloes using planetary nebulae
• Accretion disc particle accretion in major merger simulations
• A Sample of Low‐Redshift BL Lacertae Objects. II. EVN and MERLIN Data and Multiwavelength Analysis
• WISDOM project – VII. Molecular gas measurement of the supermassive black hole mass in the elliptical galaxy NGC 7052
• Can bars be destroyed by a central mass concentration?-- I. Simulations
• Extended Lyα Emission around Young Quasars: A Constraint on Galaxy Formation
• Tracing the origin of the AGN fuelling reservoir in MCG–6-30-15
• Detection of IMBHs from microlensing in globular clusters
• Smaller stellar disc scale lengths in rich environments
• The Chandra-COSMOS survey – IV. X-ray spectra of the bright sample
• On the spin-temperature evolution during the epoch of reionization
• Gas Kinematics and the Black Hole Mass at the Center of the Radio Galaxy NGC 4335
• Positive and negative feedback by AGN jets in high‐redshift galaxies
• MACER Improved: AGN Feedback Computed in Rotating Early-type Galaxies at High Resolution
• OPTICAL IFU OBSERVATIONS OF THE BRIGHTEST CLUSTER GALAXY NGC 4696: THE CASE FOR A MINOR MERGER AND SHOCK-EXCITED FILAMENTS
• The obscured growth of massive black holes
• 3C 48: Stellar Populations and the Kinematics of Stars and Gas in the Host Galaxy
• A Kinematic Link Between Boxy Bulges, Stellar Bars, and Nuclear Activity in NGC 3079 and NGC 4388
• Markarian 421’[CSC]s[/CSC] Unusual Satellite Galaxy
• Impact of gas-based seeding on supermassive black hole populations at z ≥ 7
• Radio galaxies in the 2SLAQ Luminous Red Galaxy Survey – I. The evolution of low-power radio galaxies to z∼ 0.7
• Broadband Spectral Energy Distributions of SDSS-selected Quasars and of Their Host Galaxies: Intense Activity at the Onset of AGN Feedback
• Gravitational lensing by a charged black hole of string theory
• Thermal wind from hot accretion flows at large radii
• The effect of accretion environment at large radius on hot accretion flows
• On the Correlations of Massive Black Holes with Their Host Galaxies
• MEGAPARSEC RELATIVISTIC JETS LAUNCHED FROM AN ACCRETING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN AN EXTREME SPIRAL GALAXY
• ALMA OBSERVATIONS OF NEARBY LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES WITH VARIOUS AGN ENERGETIC CONTRIBUTIONS USING DENSE GAS TRACERS
• A Classic Type 2 QSO
• Science with the TianQin Observatory: Preliminary results on Galactic double white dwarf binaries
• Observational evidence for intermediate-mass black holes
• The Interstellar Medium Properties of Heavily Reddened Quasars & Companions at z ∼ 2.5 with ALMA & JVLA
• Gas, dust and stars in the SCUBA galaxy, SMM J0136: the EVLA reveals a colossal galactic nursery
• Journey to the MBHâÏ relation: the fate of low-mass black holes in the Universe
• Faint-end quasar luminosity functions from cosmological hydrodynamic simulations
• The answer is blowing in the wind: simulating the interaction of jets with dynamic cluster atmospheres
• Consistency of the black hole mass determination in AGN from the reverberation and the X-ray excess variance method
• Emission of Positron Annihilation Line Radiation by Clusters of Galaxies
• Gravitational torques imply molecular gas inflow towards the nucleus of M 51
• On Quasar Masses and Quasar Host Galaxies
• Primordial black holes as generators of cosmic structures
• Contemporaneous Chandra HETG and Suzaku X-ray observations of NGC 4051
• OUTFLOW AND METALLICITY IN THE BROAD-LINE REGION OF LOW-REDSHIFT ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI
• Observational evidence that positive and negative AGN feedback depends on galaxy mass and jet power
• EVOLUTION OF GASEOUS DISK VISCOSITY DRIVEN BY SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION. II. STRUCTURE AND EMISSIONS FROM STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT
• The Intrinsically X‐Ray Weak Quasar PHL 1811. I. X‐Ray Observations and Spectral Energy Distribution
• Gravitational Recoil Velocities from Eccentric Binary Black Hole Mergers
• A PROBABLE MILLI-PARSEC SUPERMASSIVE BINARY BLACK HOLE IN THE NEAREST QUASAR MRK 231
• MULTI-EPOCH SPECTROSCOPY OF DWARF GALAXIES WITH AGN SIGNATURES: IDENTIFYING SOURCES WITH PERSISTENT BROAD Hα EMISSION
• Black Holes and Galactic Density Cusps Spherically Symmetric Anisotropic Cusps
• Implications for unified schemes from the quasar fraction and emission-line luminosities in radio-selected samples
• Hyper-luminous dust-obscured galaxies discovered by the Hyper Suprime-Cam on Subaru and WISE
• Probing distant massive black holes with LISA
• THE EDDINGTON LIMIT IN COSMIC RAYS: AN EXPLANATION FOR THE OBSERVED LACK OF LOW-MASS RADIO-LOUD QUASARS AND THEM•–M⋆RELATION
• Effects of gravitational-wave recoil on the dynamics and growth of supermassive black holes
• The VLA Survey of the Chandra Deep Field–South. I. Overview and the Radio Data
• QUASAR-GALAXY CLUSTERING THROUGH PROJECTED GALAXY COUNTS ATz= 0.6-1.2
• The duty cycle of local radio galaxies
• Tracking the assembly of supermassive black holes: a comparison of diverse models across cosmic time
• BOOSTED TIDAL DISRUPTION BY MASSIVE BLACK HOLE BINARIES DURING GALAXY MERGERS FROM THE VIEW OF N-BODY SIMULATION
• A quartet of black holes and a missing duo: probing the low end of the MBH–σ relation with the adaptive optics assisted integral-field spectroscopy
• Radio and Millimeter Observations ofz ~ 2 Luminous QSOs
• Molecular Gas Observations of the Reddened Quasar 3C 318
• Origin of galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields
• Active Galactic Nuclei with Candidate Intermediate‐Mass Black Holes
• The host galaxies of radio-loud active galactic nuclei: mass dependences, gas cooling and active galactic nuclei feedback
• Collisional Dark Matter and the Origin of Massive Black Holes
• Rates of tidal disruption of stars by massive central black holes
• Gravitational Recoil from Spinning Binary Black Hole Mergers
• HST/WFPC2 imaging of the QDOT ultraluminous infrared galaxy sample
• Are red 2MASS QSOs young?
• Physical properties of the CDFS X-ray sources through fitting spectral energy distributions
• Radio jets in NGC 4151: where eMERLIN meets HST
• MACER3D -- an upgrade of MACER2D with enhanced subgrid models and gas physics -- and its application to simulating AGN feedback in a massive elliptical galaxy
• Clustering Analyses of 300,000 Photometrically Classified Quasars. I. Luminosity and Redshift Evolution in Quasar Bias
• Clustering Analyses of 300,000 Photometrically Classified Quasars. II. The Excess on Very Small Scales
• A study of AGN and supernova feedback in simulations of isolated and merging disc galaxies
• The bulge-disc decomposition of AGN host galaxies
• A unified model for the evolution of galaxies and quasars
• An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function
• The effect of galaxy mass ratio on merger-driven starbursts
• Self‐regulated Growth of Supermassive Black Holes in Galaxies as the Origin of the Optical and X‐Ray Luminosity Functions of Quasars
• The Cosmic Evolution of Hard X-Ray-selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• The black hole masses of Seyfert galaxies and quasars
• Fueling Low‐Level AGN Activity through Stochastic Accretion of Cold Gas
• The anti-hierarchical growth of supermassive black holes
• A Theoretical Interpretation of the Black Hole Fundamental Plane
• The correlation between black hole mass and bulge velocity dispersion in hierarchical galaxy formation models
• Cosmological simulations of the growth of supermassive black holes and feedback from active galactic nuclei: method and tests
• On the correlations between galaxy properties and supermassive black hole mass
• Accretion-driven evolution of black holes: Eddington ratios, duty cycles and active galaxy fractions
• Origin of the antihierarchical growth of black holes
• The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: the local supermassive black hole mass function in early- and late-type galaxies
• Mass Functions of Supermassive Black Holes across Cosmic Time
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: AGN and host-galaxy properties out toz ≲ 6
• Probing the Physics of Narrow-line Regions in Active Galaxies. IV. Full Data Release of the Siding Spring Southern Seyfert Spectroscopic Snapshot Survey (S7)
• Determining the torus covering factors for a sample of type 1 AGN in the local Universe