2006/03/31 by M. J. Tannenbaum · 7 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #High-Energy Particle Collisions Research #Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies #Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions #nucl-ex
paper · pdf · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/69/7/r01
published as Rept.Prog.Phys.69:2005-2060,2006 · 62 pages, 39 figures. Review article published in Reports on Progress in Physics on June 23, 2006. In this published version, mistakes, typographical errors, and citations have been corrected and a subsection has been added
openalex publication_date 2006/06/23 · arxiv created 2006/07/28 · arxiv updated 2009/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/30
Experimental physics with relativistic heavy ions dates from 1992 when a beam of 197 Au of energy greater than 10 A GeV/ c first became available at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) soon followed in 1994 by a 208 Pb beam of 158 A GeV/ c at the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research). Previous pioneering measurements at the Berkeley Bevalac (Gutbrod et al 1989 Rep. Prog. Phys. 52 1267–132 ) in the late 1970s and early 1980s were at much lower bombarding energies (≲1 A GeV/ c ) where nuclear breakup rather than particle production is the dominant inelastic process in A+A collisions. More recently, starting in 2000, the relativistic heavy ion collider at BNL has produced head-on collisions of two 100 A GeV beams of fully stripped Au ions, corresponding to nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass (cm) energy, , total cm energy 200 A GeV. The objective of this research program is to produce nuclear matter with extreme density and temperature, possibly resulting in a state of matter where the quarks and gluons normally confined inside individual nucleons ( r < 1 fm) are free to act over distances an order of magnitude larger. Progress from the period 1992 to the present will be reviewed, with reference to previous results from light ion and proton–proton collisions where appropriate. Emphasis will be placed on the measurements which formed the basis for the announcements by the two major laboratories: 'A new state of matter', by CERN on Febraury 10 2000 and 'The perfect fluid' by BNL on April 19 2005.