2008/01/15 by S. Sprung · 1 citation
Engineering · #Concrete and Cement Materials Research #Waste Management and Environmental Impact #Materials Engineering and Processing
paper · doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_489.pub2
openalex publication_date 2008/01/15 · openalex created_date 2022/02/13 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/29
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Constituents of Common Cement 3.1. Portland Cement Clinker 3.2. Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (S) 3.3. Pozzolanic Materials (P, Q) 3.4. Fly Ash (V, W) 3.5. Burnt Oil Shale (T) 3.6. Limestone (LL, L) 3.7. Silica Fume (D) 3.8. Other Constituents 4. Types of Cement 4.1. History of European Cement Standardization 4.2. Standardized Common Cements 4.3. Standardized Special Cements 4.4. Other Cements 5. Clinker Production Process 5.1. Raw Materials 5.2. Mining of Raw Materials 5.3. Grinding, Mixing, and Homogenization of Raw Materials 5.4. Thermal and Electrical Energy 5.5. Burning and Cooling Process 5.5.1. Technological Aspects 5.5.2. Energy Consumption 5.5.3. Thermochemistry of the Clinker Burning Process 5.6. Characterization of Cement Clinker 6. Cement Production Process 6.1. Storage 6.2. Grinding and Blending 7. Hardening of Cement 7.1. Hydration Products 7.2. Hydration 7.2.1. Fineness and Particle Size Distribution 7.2.2. Water Demand 7.2.3. Setting 7.2.4. Hardening 7.2.5. Soundness 7.2.6. Heat of Hydration 8. Properties of Hardened Cement Paste 8.1. Binding of Water 8.2. Structure 8.3. Composition of Pore Solution 8.4. Environmental Compatibility 8.5. Strength 8.6. Deformation 8.7. Permeability 8.8. Resistance to Chemical Attack 9. Testing of Cement 10. Environmental Protection 10.1. Particulate Emissions 10.2. Gaseous Emissions 10.3. Climatic Protection 10.4. Noise and Vibration 11. Toxicology and Occupational Health 12. Economic Aspects Cement is a finely ground building material essentially prepared from nonmetallic, inorganic constituents of defined composition within standardized limits. When mixed with water, cement forms a paste that sets and hardens because of hydration reactions primarily leading to the formation of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate hydrates. Besides the main types of standardized cements, there exist a great number of other cement types for special purposes. Physico-chemical properties of cements defined in standards are monitored and controlled. Cements are employed as binders in mortar and concrete for different applications.