2000/06/15 by Ian McGill · 7 citations
Chemistry · Engineering · Environmental Science · #Extraction and Separation Processes #Minerals Flotation and Separation Techniques #Zeolite Catalysis and Synthesis
paper · doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_607
openalex publication_date 2000/06/15 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/23
Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Mineralogy, Abundance, Occurrence 3. Properties 3.1. Properties of the Nuclei 3.2. Properties of the Atoms and Ions 3.2.1. Electronic Configuration, Position in the Periodic Table 3.2.2. Oxidation States, Atomic and Ionic Radii 3.2.3. Magnetic and Spectral Properties 3.2.4. Bonding, Coordination Numbers 3.3. Other Chemical and Physical Properties 3.4. Miscibility and Alloying Behavior 3.5. Mechanical Workability 4. Digestion of Rare Earth Ores 4.1. Wet Chemical Digestion; Fusion 4.1.1. Monazite 4.1.2. Bastnaesite 4.1.3. Other Ores 4.2. Direct Chlorination at High Temperature 5. Separation 5.1. Principles of Separation 5.2. Separation by Classical Methods 5.2.1. Fractional Crystallization 5.2.2. Fractional Precipitation 5.2.3. Separations Based on Oxidation State Changes 5.3. Separation by Ion Exchange 5.3.1. Ion Exchange with Chelating Agents 5.3.2. Separation Process 5.3.3. Industrial Processes 5.3.4. Disadvantages of Ion Exchange 5.4. Separation by Liquid ‐ Liquid Extraction 5.4.1. Theoretical Basis 5.4.2. Extractants 5.4.2.1. Neutral Extractants 5.4.2.2. Acidic Extractants 5.4.2.3. Amines and Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Extractants 5.4.2.4. Synergistic Effects 5.4.3. Industrial Liquid ‐ Liquid Extraction 5.4.3.1. Separation of Europium Oxide 5.4.3.2. Separation of Yttrium Oxide 5.4.3.3. Separation of Scandium 6. Production of the Metals 6.1. Fused Salt Electrolysis 6.2. Metallothermic Reduction 6.3. Purification 7. Analysis 8. Compounds 8.1. Hydrides 8.2. Oxides, Hydroxides, Peroxides, Salts of Inorganic Oxoacids, Double Salts 8.3. Halides 8.4. Chalcogenides 8.5. Nitrides 8.6. Carbides 8.7. Complexes; Organic Compounds 9. Uses 10. Economic Aspects 11. Toxicology 12. Acknowledgement </jats:table