2025/03/11 by O. Azucena Núñez-Valdez, Melissa Plasman, Víctor Hugo Reynoso · 1 voice
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Environmental Science · #Amphibian and Reptile Biology #Animal Behavior and Reproduction #Aposematism #Biology #Biting #Crotalus #Ecology #Escape response #Ophidia #Predation #Predator #Venom #Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies #Zoology
paper · pdf · doi:10.1242/bio.061791
openalex publication_date 2025/03/11 · openalex created_date 2025/03/12 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/06
Antipredation behaviour is of high importance for the survival of prey animals, but it is also vital for the predator to understand the antipredator behaviour of potentially dangerous prey. Venomous snakes are particularly dangerous for their predators and humans, as a defensive bite may result in death. Here, we studied the behavioural response of the Mexican pigmy rattlesnake Crotalus ravus to the approach of simulated predators (birds and fox) and human, contrasting this to their predatory behaviour. Results showed that C. ravus defensive behaviour depended on the predator and was more aggressive towards humans. Mostly, for each type of behaviour the approach distance at first occurrence was similar among trials with different predators and reduced from freezing>rattling>escape>bite. However, we did not find clear behavioural patterns. In bird and fox trials, snakes always rattled or escaped before biting, however warning signals were not always displayed before biting and bite frequency was high in human trials, suggesting that this snake is dangerous for humans. Our results demonstrate that these snakes are flexible in their response to potential threats, but that the approach distance that elicits specific behaviours is mostly fixed.