2026/02/04 by Riley Doyle-Odenbach, Christiana Popo, Adesola Odunayo +5 · 1 voice
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Immunology and Microbiology · Earth and Planetary Sciences · #Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies #Rabies epidemiology and control #Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
paper · doi:10.2460/ajvr.25.11.0392
openalex publication_date 2026/02/04 · openalex created_date 2026/02/06 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/08
Objective: To identify potential long-term sequelae associated with crotalid (pit viper) envenomation in dogs and cats. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records identified dogs and cats that survived to hospital discharge following pit viper envenomation from January 1, 2018, through July 31, 2024. Pet owners were solicited via email to participate in an online survey from July 17, 2024, through August 31, 2024. The survey responses were analyzed to describe outcomes and to assess potential associations between the number of vials of antivenom administered, modified snake bite severity score, medical and behavioral sequelae, and time to full recovery. Results: 51 of 241 surveys (21%) were returned. Forty-seven dogs and 4 cats were enrolled in the study. Forty patients (78%) returned to normal within 5 days of discharge, whereas it took 3 dogs (6%) 6 to 9 weeks to fully recover. Seven patients (13.7%) were suspected of developing behavioral changes after envenomation. The Modified Snakebite Severity Score at admission correlated with the number of antivenom vials administered (ρ = 0.412) and the number of days to return to normal behavior (ρ = 0.455); however, the number of vials of antivenom administered was not significantly associated with recovery duration. Conclusions: Long-term sequelae were uncommon in dogs and cats after pit viper envenomation. Clinical Relevance: Pet owners should be informed of potential transient lethargy (< 5 days) and instructed to seek veterinary care if their pet's lethargy persists for longer.