2025/12/05 by Sérgio Renato da Rosa Decker, Richard S. Chaudhary, Kosuke Inoue +4 · 1 voice
Medicine · #Medication Adherence and Compliance #Diabetes Treatment and Management #Diabetes Management and Education
paper · doi:10.2337/dc25-1619
openalex created_date 2025/12/05 · openalex publication_date 2025/12/05 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
OBJECTIVE: Identifying social and economic factors associated with initiation of semaglutide or tirzepatide may inform strategies to support equitable uptake. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using 100% of Medicare claims of patients ≥65 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The outcome was initiation of semaglutide or tirzepatide. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for each exposure (self-reported race and ethnicity, dual enrollment in Medicare and Medicaid, rurality, and social vulnerability index), accounting for demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Among 13,922,387 patients with T2DM, 673,776 (4.8%) initiated semaglutide or tirzepatide in 2023. Minoritized racial and ethnic identity (e.g., non-Hispanic Black compared with White; aOR 0.72; 95% CI 0.71-0.72), dual enrollment (aOR 0.90; 0.89-0.91), and residence in the most versus least vulnerable socially vulnerable neighborhoods (aOR 0.93; 0.92-0.93) were associated with lower initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Minoritized racial and ethnic identity and adverse socioeconomic factors were associated with lower odds of initiation among Medicare beneficiaries with T2DM.