2025/02/01 by Topalovic, Olivera, Vestergard, M., Heuer, H. +2 · 1 voice
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · Medicine · Environmental Science · #Nematode management and characterization studies #Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment #Parasite Biology and Host Interactions
paper · pdf · doi:10.2478/jofnem-2025-0049
openalex publication_date 2025/02/01 · openalex created_date 2025/11/06 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/12
International trade increases the risk of pests entering and spreading.To reduce this risk, importing countries establish phytosanitary entry requirements through their Plant Protection Organization (PPO) or other official agencies.In recent years, nematodes of the genera such as Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera, and Pratylenchus have emerged as major plant pests in South America, impacting key crops.The economic implications of nematode infestations can be profound, with estimates suggesting billions of dollars in losses annually across the region.The response to these challenges involves a complex interplay of regulations designed to manage and mitigate the risks posed by harmful nematodes.Regulatory frameworks at both national and international levels govern the management of nematode-related plant health risks.The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is an intergovernmental treaty established to develop, adopt, and promote the application of International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), providing a baseline for how countries should approach the containment and management of plant pests, including nematodes.South American countries are contracting parties to the IPPC and have therefore established their own regulations, dictating quarantine procedures, pest management, and monitoring strategies, thus complying with the IPPC's requirements regarding the adoption and promotion of international phytosanitary measures.Quarantine measures are essential for preventing the spread of nematodes across borders and within regions.The implementation of quarantine protocols involves maintaining strict guidelines for the inspection and treatment of agricultural products before export.These regulations often lead to trade restrictions when nematodes are detected, creating a dilemma for producers who must balance compliance with trade requirements and the economic impacts of pest management.The impact of nematodes on trade extends beyond immediate economic losses; it also influences the agricultural practices and pest management strategies adopted by farmers.The necessity of adhering to stringent regulations often drives the development and adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that emphasize sustainable practices and the use of resistant crop varieties.Some countries in South America are also investing in research and development to improve the identification and control of nematodes, fostering collaboration among agricultural stakeholders, researchers, and government entities, while others lack sufficient research and extension services due to a shortage of specialists.In conclusion, the regulation and quarantine measures Regulation, quarantine and impact on trade, a South American perspective