2026/03/11 by Chun Xu
Physics and Astronomy · #astro-ph.HE
We propose a variable ADAF disk model for X-ray binary systems. In this model, the accretion flow consists of an outer thin disk and an inner thick ADAF torus. The ADAF is turbulent, optically thick, and variable in size. A complete cycle of ADAF contraction, transition to a thin disk, and subsequent re-expansion corresponds to the rapid rise, peak, and decay phases observed in the X-ray outbursts of black hole binaries. This cycle also tracks the canonical evolution through the low-hard, high-soft, and back to the low-hard state in the hardness-intensity diagram. Turbulence in the ADAF, along with second-order Fermi acceleration, naturally generates a power-law particle spectrum that directly corresponds to the power-law X-ray spectra observed in most X-ray binary systems. This model unifies the presence of near-ISCO Fe emission lines with the truncated disk paradigm, as observed in the black hole system GX 339-4. It explains the 35-day period in the neutron star system Her X-1 more effectively through variable ADAF sizes than through a precessing disk. This variable ADAF framework may be extended to explain similar phenomena in active galactic nuclei.