2025/02/07 by Timothy Paek, Paek, Timothy, Chilukuri K. Mohan +1 · 1 citation
Computer Science · #62H30 #68T50 #Advanced Malware Detection Techniques #Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) #Computation and Language (cs.CL) #D.2.8 #FOS: Computer and information sciences #I.2.7 #K.6.5 #Machine Learning (cs.LG) #Software Engineering (cs.SE) #Software Engineering Research #Software Testing and Debugging Techniques
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.15740
openalex publication_date 2025/02/07 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
Large Language Models (LLMs) are currently used extensively to generate code by professionals and students, motivating the development of tools to detect LLM-generated code for applications such as academic integrity and cybersecurity. We address this authorship attribution problem as a binary classification task along with feature identification and extraction. We propose new Discretized Nested Bigram Frequency features on source code groups of various sizes. Compared to prior work, improvements are obtained by representing sparse information in dense membership bins. Experimental evaluation demonstrated that our approach significantly outperformed a commonly used GPT code-detection API and baseline features, with accuracy exceeding 96% compared to 72% and 79% respectively in detecting GPT-rewritten Java code fragments for 976 files with GPT 3.5 and GPT4 using 12 features. We also outperformed three prior works on code author identification in a 40-author dataset. Our approach scales well to larger data sets, and we achieved 99% accuracy and 0.999 AUC for 76,089 files and over 1,000 authors with GPT 4o using 227 features.