2025/05/08 by Wharton O. Y. Chan, Paik Shia Lim, Li Chang Ang +3 · 1 voice
Medicine · #Diabetes Management and Research #Diabetes Treatment and Management #Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients
paper · doi:10.1177/20420188251338749
openalex publication_date 2025/05/08 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/05/21
Background: Inpatient hypoglycaemia has been well studied around the world, and more tools are being developed to understand and predict hypoglycaemic episodes. Most published data, however, focuses on patient characteristics and predictions of whether a patient would have a hypoglycaemic episode during inpatient stay. There is a paucity of data concerning the timing, as well as types of diabetic medications used, surrounding a hypoglycaemia episode. Objectives: To characterise inpatient hypoglycaemia episodes by time and associated diabetes medications, on top of baseline patient characteristics. Design: Retrospective observational study of 425 hypoglycaemia episodes, over a 2 month period from two general internal medicine wards, in a tertiary medical hospital. Methods: A discrete hypoglycaemic episode is defined as a capillary blood glucose (CBG) reading of <4 mmol/L. Hypoglycaemic episodes were further sub-analysed by dividing them into three time frames – day (0801–1600), evening (1601–2359) and night (0000–0800). Results: In total, 425 hypoglycaemia episodes from 207 patients were analysed. Sulphonylurea (SU), premixed, basal and basal-bolus insulin regimens were associated with 31.8%, 30.4%, 15.1% and 5.9% of the hypoglycaemia episodes, respectively. All agents revealed significant intra-day differences ( p < 0.05) except for the basal-bolus insulin regimen ( p = 0.76). Basal insulin and sulphonylurea-associated hypoglycaemia occurred mostly in the midnight timeframe (0000–0800) at 65.6% and 47.4%, respectively, whereas premixed insulin-associated hypoglycaemia occurred mostly in the evening timeframe (1601–2359) at 51.2%. In total, there were significant differences in the distribution of hypoglycaemia across the three time frames associated with different diabetes medications ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are marked differences in the medications associated with inpatient hypoglycaemia at differing time points. These time points offer insight into appropriate CBG testing timings for different diabetes medications. Hence, stratified monitoring and strategic 3 a.m. testing of CBG for patients on sulphonylurea and basal insulin should be considered in tackling inpatient hypoglycaemia.