2025/05/27 by Saima Munawar, Nawaz Ahmad, Jolita Vveinhardt · 1 voice
Social Sciences · #Online and Blended Learning
paper · pdf · doi:10.18421/tem142-80
openalex publication_date 2025/05/27 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/02
The shift toward online education has been accelerated by factors such as fear of COVID-19, rising fuel costs, and enhanced internet connectivity, leading both educational institutions and students to embrace e-learning, particularly in English as a Second Language (ESL) contexts. This study examines the influence of e-learning on ESL learners’ satisfaction, focusing on critical factors such as instructor interaction, student collaboration, and learning content, with e-learning quality as a mediating factor. The data were collected online via Google Forms from 478 ESL students enrolled in online programs in Pakistan. Subsequently, it was analysed using Partial Least Squared (PLS) structural equation modelling. The research concluded that student collaboration had the least significant impact and reliability compared to other independent variables. This study will have practical implications for English language teaching institutions.