2025/09/15 by Joy McFadzean, Lauren Donovan, Thomas Hewson +4 · 1 voice
Psychology · Social Sciences · #Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis #Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints #Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
paper · pdf · doi:10.3399/bjgp.2025.0239
openalex publication_date 2025/09/15 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/30
Background Prisoners have disproportionately poorer health and complex needs compared with the general population. Prisons should provide care that is equivalent to community care to achieve equitable health outcomes, which includes managing physical deterioration. Aim To characterise reported patient safety incidents involving critically unwell prisoners and identify opportunities to improve prison healthcare systems. Design and setting Secondary multi-methods analysis of incident reports submitted from English prisons to the National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS) between 2018 and 2019. Method The patient safety incidents had been characterised in previous research focusing on patient safety in prisons, describing incident types, contributory factors, and outcomes. Purposive sampling of these coded data was carried out using search terms to identify healthcare-associated harm, or near misses, related to critical illness (ill health with risk of death if urgent care is not provided). Included reports were sequentially analysed by descriptive and framework analysis. Results Of 4112 reports submitted to the NRLS within 12 months, 983 (23.9%) were identified by the search terms and screened, and 94 (9.6%) met the inclusion criteria for analysis, containing 189 safety incidents. The most common patient outcomes within the reports included delayed assessment or treatments ( n = 46 reports, 48.9%), avoidable hospital admissions ( n = 15, 16.0%), and patient deterioration ( n = 13, 13.8%). Key issues identified were insufficient provision of emergency equipment, failure to recognise severity of symptoms and act appropriately on symptoms, and ineffective communication between prisons and ambulance services. Moderate and severe harm outcomes were reported in a quarter of reports ( n = 26, 27.7%). Conclusion System-wide interventions are needed to improve the safety of care delivered to critically ill prisoners, including improved continuity of care, enhanced emergency response training, reviews of emergency protocols surrounding clinical assessments, recognition of critical illness, escalation plans, and communication with wider teams.