2026/03/02 by Tufail Hassan, Doyeon Lee, Shabbir Madad Naqvi +13 · 1 voice
Materials Science · Engineering · #MXene and MAX Phase Materials #Electromagnetic wave absorption materials #Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
paper · pdf · doi:10.1007/s40820-026-02106-x
openalex publication_date 2026/03/02 · openalex created_date 2026/03/03 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/29
Abstract Defect engineering holds great promise for tailoring the multifunctional properties of MXenes. However, quantitative correlations between defect and material performance remain largely unexplored due to the lack of a reliable strategy to precisely control defect densities. Here, we demonstrate that the defect density of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes—including titanium and carbon vacancies, substitutional oxygen defects, and the associated lattice strain—is precisely controlled by adjusting carbon stoichiometry during TiC precursor synthesis and aluminum content during Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX formation. The defect densities propagate from precursors to final MXenes, enabling the fabrication of a series of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes with systematically controlled defect densities. This allows a quantitative correlation between defect density and multifunctional properties including electrical and thermal conductivities, infrared emissivity, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, Joule heating performance, and oxidation stability. The defect-minimized Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene exhibits outstanding performance, with an electrical conductivity of 26,000 S cm −1 , thermal conductivity of 57 W m −1 K −1 , electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of 90.5 dB at 10 µm, Joule heating performance of 263 °C at 1.5 V, ultralow infrared emissivity of 0.05, and superior oxidation resistance (activation energy of 72 kJ mol −1 ). Furthermore, this work establishes a comprehensive quantitative framework linking defect structure to multifunctional performance and stability.