2026/06/29 by Araceli González-Jiménez, Ithaisa Medina, Manuel Alfonso-Pérez +2 · 1 voice
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Medicine · #RNA Research and Splicing #Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics #Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
paper · doi:10.1080/15476286.2026.2695549
openalex publication_date 2026/06/29 · openalex created_date 2026/06/30 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/27
Accurate RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-dependent gene expression requires dynamic phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of its largest subunit, Rpb1, whose heptapeptide repeats form a regulatory platform known as the CTD code. Transcription-associated cyclin-dependent kinases (tCDKs) and CTD phosphatases coordinate the phosphorylation - dephosphorylation cycle of RNAPII throughout transcription, coupling RNA synthesis to co-transcriptional processing and chromatin regulation. By controlling stage-specific modification of the CTD, these enzymes integrate RNAPII activity into broader regulatory networks. Disruption of the delicate kinase - phosphatase balance impairs transcriptional fidelity, RNA maturation, and genome stability, either directly through altered CTD phosphorylation or indirectly through associated pathways. Such alterations are increasingly associated with developmental disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of RNAPII phosphorylation dynamics, highlighting key mechanistic principles, links to human disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting this central phosphorylation-dependent regulatory system.