Evaporation model for beam based additive manufacturing using free surface lattice Boltzmann methods

2014/06/13 by Alexander Klassen, Thorsten Scharowsky, Carolin Körner · 1 voice · 2 citations
Engineering · #Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer #Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies #Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows

paper · doi:10.1088/0022-3727/47/27/275303

openalex publication_date 2014/06/13 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/06/26

Abstract

Evaporation plays an important role in many technical applications including beam-based additive manufacturing processes, such as selective electron beam or selective laser melting (SEBM/SLM). In this paper, we describe an evaporation model which we employ within the framework of a two-dimensional free surface lattice Boltzmann method. With this method, we solve the hydrodynamics as well as thermodynamics of the molten material taking into account the mass and energy losses due to evaporation and the recoil pressure acting on the melt pool. Validation of the numerical model is performed by measuring maximum melt depths and evaporative losses in samples of pure titanium and Ti–6Al–4V molten by an electron beam. Finally, the model is applied to create processing maps for an SEBM process. The results predict that the penetration depth of the electron beam, which is a function of the acceleration voltage, has a significant influence on evaporation effects.

Citations

• Thermal Choke of the Evaporation Wave During Laser Ablation
• Ueber die Verdunstung der Flüssigkeiten, insbesondere des Quecksilbers, im luftleeren Raume

Cited by

• In-situ experimental and high-fidelity modeling tools to advance understanding of metal additive manufacturing
• Performance-control-orientated hybrid metal additive manufacturing technologies: state of the art, challenges, and future trends

Discussions

• Topic: Evaporation of metal under a laser The net evaporation flux is given by $J_{net} = \phi * J_{evap}$ with $\phi$ being the vaporization ratio aka evaporation coefficient ("fraction of the net fl [stackexchange, 2 points]

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