2014/11/28 by A. E. Sain, Amanda E. Sain, A. M. Dietrich +1 · 1 citation
Chemistry · Environmental Science · Nursing · #Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques #Dye analysis and toxicity #Water Quality and Pollution Assessment
paper · doi:10.2166/aqua.2014.091
crossref issued 2014/11/28 · crossref published 2014/11/28 · crossref published-online 2014/11/28 · openalex publication_date 2014/11/28 · crossref published-print 2015/11/11 · crossref created 2015/12/01 · crossref deposited 2018/07/10 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · crossref indexed 2026/07/29 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/30
Research Article| November 28 2014 Rethinking aesthetic guidelines for manganese and iron in drinking water A. E. Sain; A. E. Sain 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 418 Durham Hall, 1145 Perry Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0246, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar A. M. Dietrich A. M. Dietrich 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 418 Durham Hall, 1145 Perry Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0246, USA2Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, 360 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0418, USA E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua (2015) 64 (7): 775–782. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2014.091 Article history Received: July 17 2014 Accepted: October 21 2014 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Permissions Search Site Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThis Journal Search Advanced Search Citation A. E. Sain, A. M. Dietrich; Rethinking aesthetic guidelines for manganese and iron in drinking water. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 11 November 2015; 64 (7): 775–782. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2014.091 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Manganese and iron are both internationally known causes of aesthetic issues in drinking water, however, there are limited data supporting their specific aesthetic guidelines, of which typical values are 0.05 mg/L Mn and 0.3 mg/L Fe. This study aims to clarify the concentrations at which off-flavors and off-colors caused by manganese and iron may be detected by consumers. Triangle tests of Mn(II) determined a best estimate taste threshold of 165 mg/L Mn(II), which is much higher than the reported range of 0.03–0.17 mg/L for Fe(II). Unlike Fe(II), Mn(II) taste tests showed there is no relationship between individual taste threshold and subject age. Mn(II) and Fe(II) oxidation in artificial saliva showed that Mn(II) had a non-detectable amount of oxidation and Fe(II) had up to 80% oxidation within 5 minutes at both 22 and 37 °C. Neither Mn(IV) nor Fe(III) exhibited detectable tastes. Visual testing of Mn(IV) and Fe(III), using the one-in-five forced choice method, showed that oxidized metals are visually detectable at concentrations below their typical aesthetic guidelines. Reduced Mn(II) and Fe(II) are colorless at concentrations much greater than established standards. This study demonstrates that current manganese and iron aesthetic standards may not be protective of off-flavors and off-colors. color, flavor, iron, manganese, metallic, taste © IWA Publishing 2015 You do not currently have access to this content.