2025/12/01 by V. Fernández-Fernández, M. Ramil, Emilia Díaz‐Losada +6 · 1 voice
Environmental Science · Agricultural and Biological Sciences · #Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies #Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology #Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
paper · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181074
openalex publication_date 2025/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/12/03 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/23
, respectively). The highest pollution levels in the complete set of samples were measured in summer campaigns, corresponding to the most intensive application season of fungicides and insecticides. Nonetheless, in some wells, residues increased from summer to autumn, confirming their leaching to ground water. Fungicides were prevalent versus insecticides with distribution patterns varying between regions. Tetraconazole, fluopyram and boscalid recorded higher detection frequencies in waters from La Rioja (from 16 % to 24 %) than in Galicia (between 4 % and 10 %). The opposite trend was observed for azoxystrobin (11 % vs 35 %), zoxamide (3 % vs 34 %), mandipropamide (1 % vs 27 %) and fluopicolide (1 % vs 23 %), with lower detection rates in La Rioja compared to Galicia. Attending to detection frequencies and ratios between measured and predicted non-effect concentrations, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, fluopicolid, tebuconazole and zoxamide were rated as the most environmental concerning pollutants. Suspect screening of accurate MS data revealed the presence of additional pesticides, including herbicides and their transformation products, in the monitored aquatic environments.