2026/05/01 by Min Lou, Michelle Shen, Saraa Al-Saddik +2 · 1 voice
Psychology · #Mental Health Research Topics
paper · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2026.108167
openalex created_date 2025/10/26 · openalex publication_date 2026/05/01 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/23
Avoiding actions with negative consequences is fundamental to adaptive behaviour, yet individuals differ drastically in their tendencies to avoid to punishment. Using a conditioned punishment task in male and female rats, we replicate findings of a bimodal distribution of punishment avoidance, and identify four distinct behavioural phenotypes (Sensitive, Hypersensitive, Insensitive, Generalised) that differed in their punishment avoidance, unpunished reward-seeking, and Pavlovian fear. We examined how these phenotypic differences related to cFos (transcriptional activity marker) across prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions. While region-level cFos differences were minimal, covariance and graph-theoretic analyses revealed three functional PFC networks predominantly composed of medial PFC, ventrolateral PFC, or sensorimotor regions. Activity in the ventrolateral PFC network predicted punishment avoidance, while activity in the medial PFC network predicted generalised suppression during initial punishment learning. These findings suggest phenotypic differences in punishment sensitivity are underpinned by differential recruitment of distinct cortical networks that drive adaptive versus maladaptive responses to negative outcomes.