2026/01/01 by Jan García-Morales, Alejandro de la Fuente, David Gualda +4
Computer Science · Engineering · #Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization #Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies #Interconnection Networks and Systems #eess.SP
paper · pdf · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3717118
Author Accepted Manuscript. Published in IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. Available at https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2026.3717118. Copyright 2026 IEEE
openalex publication_date 2026/01/01 · arxiv created 2026/07/28 · openalex created_date 2026/07/28 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28 · arxiv updated 2026/07/30
Cell-free massive multiple input multiple output (CF-mMIMO) is an emerging technology for next-generation wireless systems, where dynamically adapting the set of active access points (APs) is crucial to balance quality of service (QoS) requirements and network energy consumption under highly time-varying and spatially non-uniform traffic loads. Existing AP ON/OFF mechanisms--typically based on worst-case dimensioning or greedy heuristics--explore the combinatorial activation space inadequately, leading to suboptimal energy-efficiency outcomes. This paper introduces two evolutionary AP-selection strategies tailored to CF-mMIMO networks. The first, a constrained genetic algorithm (CGA), identifies the near-optimal subset of active APs for any fixed activation cardinality, while an outer search determines the globally optimal operating point. The second, a Pareto-driven genetic algorithm (PDGA), jointly optimizes spectral and energy efficiency by evolving a Pareto front over all feasible activation patterns. A detailed computational-complexity analysis is provided for both techniques. Simulations conducted under realistic spatially inhomogeneous traffic and considering both conjugate beamforming (CB) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) processing confirm consistent performance gains. The proposed methods consistently outperform state-of-the-art greedy benchmarks, delivering noticeable improvements in energy efficiency for both CB and MMSE schemes, while simultaneously enhancing the energy-spectral efficiency tradeoff, which is typically difficult to improve without incurring penalties elsewhere. These results highlight the strong potential of evolutionary optimization as a powerful and reliable approach for energy-efficient CF-mMIMO deployments.