2015/12/01 by Alan W. Hodges, Charles R. Hall, Marco A. Palma +1
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · Environmental Science · #Environmental Impact and Sustainability #Forest Management and Policy #Organic Food and Agriculture
paper · pdf · doi:10.21273/horttech.25.6.805
openalex publication_date 2015/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/22
Economic contributions of the green industry in the United States were estimated for 2013 using information on industry output, value added, employment and domestic/international exports, retail sector lawn and garden product sales, and economic multipliers from Impact Analysis for Planning ( IMPLAN ) regional economic models for each state. Direct industry output for all sectors was estimated at 136.44 billion (B), and total output contributions, including indirect and induced regional economic multiplier effects of export sales, were 196.07 B. The total value-added contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) was 120.71 B, including labor income contributions of 82.47 B, other property income contributions of 28.91 B and business taxes paid to local, state, and federal governments of 9.30 B. The industry had direct employment of 1,599,662 full-time and part-time jobs, and total employment contributions of 2,035,636 jobs in the broader economy. The largest individual industry sectors in terms of employment and GDP contributions were landscaping and horticultural services (1,105,526 jobs, 54.70 B); greenhouse, nursery, and floriculture production (240,809 jobs, 20.36 B); and lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores (217,798 jobs, 12.87 B). The top 10 states in terms of employment contributions were California (245,267 jobs), Florida (197,073), Texas (149,364), Ohio (77,664), Pennsylvania (77,569), Illinois (76,254), New York (73,676), North Carolina (72,014), Georgia (64,066), and Michigan (63,189). Green industry contributions represented 0.72% of U.S. GDP and 1.11% of total workforce employment, and it contributed over 1.0% of GDP in five states, and over 1.25% of employment in 10 states. Employment contributions averaged 0.6 jobs/mile 2 of land area and 6.4 jobs per 1000 persons in the U.S. population, while GDP contributions averaged 34,176/mile 2 and 382 per capita. Since 2007–08, green industry contributions in 2013 increased by 4.4% for employment and 2.7% for GDP in inflation-adjusted terms. Growth in the industry was highest for wholesale and retail trade, whereas production and manufacturing declined. Although the green industry has grown slowly in recent years, it remains an important contributor to national, state, and local economies.