Aligning Large Language Models With Human Feedback: Mathematical foundations and algorithm design [Special Issue on the Mathematics of Deep Learning]

2026/05/01 by Siliang Zeng, Luca Viano, Chenliang Li +5
Computer Science · #Machine Learning and Algorithms #Natural Language Processing Techniques #Speech Recognition and Synthesis

paper · doi:10.1109/msp.2026.3666824

Abstract

This article provides an introduction to the mathematical foundations and algorithmic frameworks used to align large language models (LLMs) with human intentions, preferences, and values. We discuss standard alignment techniques, such as supervised fine-tuning (SFT), reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF), and direct preference optimization (DPO). We also explore the theoretical underpinnings of learning from human preferences, drawing connections to inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), and discrete choice models. We present state-of-the-art algorithms in a tutorial style, discuss their advantages and limitations, and offer insights into practical implementation. Our exposition is intended to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners, providing both a foundational understanding of alignment methodologies and a framework for developing more robust and scalable alignment techniques.

Citations

• Rank Analysis of Incomplete Block Designs: I. The Method of Paired Comparisons

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