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Elementary gates for quantum computation

1995/11/01 by Adriano Barenco, Charles H. Bennett, Richard Cleve +7 · 132 citations
Computer Science · #Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture #Quantum Information and Cryptography #Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

paper · doi:10.1103/physreva.52.3457

Abstract

We show that a set of gates that consists of all one-bit quantum gates [U(2)] and the two-bit exclusive-OR gate [that maps Boolean values (x,y) to (x,x\ensuremath\bigoplusy)] is universal in the sense that all unitary operations on arbitrarily many bits n [U(2n)] can be expressed as compositions of these gates. We investigate the number of the above gates required to implement other gates, such as generalized Deutsch-Toffoli gates, that apply a specific U(2) transformation to one input bit if and only if the logical and of all remaining input bits is satisfied. These gates play a central role in many proposed constructions of quantum computational networks. We derive upper and lower bounds on the exact number of elementary gates required to build up a variety of two- and three-bit quantum gates, the asymptotic number required for n-bit Deutsch-Toffoli gates, and make some observations about the number required for arbitrary n-bit unitary operations.

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