2025/05/19 by Chantal Himmels, Claudia Buchner, J. Schmitz +3 · 1 citation
Engineering · Psychology · #Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety #Human-Automation Interaction and Safety #Traffic and Road Safety
paper · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2495120
openalex publication_date 2025/05/19 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/06/14
Human factors in the context of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are commonly investigated in driving simulators. However, the validity of this approach has not been sufficiently verified. This article compares human factors concerning a level 2 ADAS between real-world driving and two different simulators (simBIG vs. simSMALL) in a three-part user study (N = 93). The results show that usability and the mental model were valid in both simulators. Cognitive load, acceptance, and user experience were also valid, but only in simBIG, with some anecdotal support for the validity of simSMALL. Surprisingly, trust was higher in the simulators compared to real-world driving. Participants consistently took over control from the level 2 system at the same locations throughout simulated and real-world drives, and system usage increased over time in all three test environments. These findings indicate relative validity of the simulators. Further research is necessary to verify the transferability of the presented findings to other ADAS and simulators.