The Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation
1995/06/01 by Mica R. Endsley, Esin O. Kiris, Esin Kırış · 34 citations
Psychology · Health Professions · #Human-Automation Interaction and Safety #Occupational Health and Safety Research #Safety Warnings and Signage
paper · doi:10.1518/001872095779064555
Abstract
The out-of-the-loop performance problem, a major potential consequence of automation, leaves operators of automated systems handicapped in their ability to take over manual operations in the event of automation failure. This is attributed to a possible loss of skills and of situation awareness (SA) arising from vigilance and complacency problems, a shift from active to passive information processing, and change in feedback provided to the operator. We studied the automation of a navigation task using an expert system and demonstrated that low SA corresponded with out-of-the-loop performance decrements in decision time following a failure of the expert system. Level of operator control in interacting with automation is a major factor in moderating this loss of SA. Results indicated that the shift from active to passive processing was most likely responsible for decreased SA under automated conditions.
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