2025/09/27 by Markus Salmelin, Jaakko Hyypiä, Rasul Satymov +5 · 1 voice
Energy · Engineering · #Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems #Integrated Energy Systems Optimization #Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
paper · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.138682
openalex publication_date 2025/09/27 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/22
Transitioning away from fossil fuels is essential for reducing carbon emissions and meeting the European Union's 2050 climate goals. Hydrogen and power-to-X products are central to this transition. However, this requires massive amounts of renewable electricity which will be a challenge for the more densely populated areas of mainland Europe and as a result will have to be imported. Shetland is an attractive location to import from due to their incredible renewable energy resources and its proximity to mainland Europe. This study investigates the opportunities of Shetland as a hydrogen exporter into the European Union in 2050 in three different scenarios using EnergyPLAN. The results suggest that Shetland has the potential to export over 626 TWh H2,LHV of green e-hydrogen produced mainly from offshore wind and wave power to mainland Europe using a pipeline at the cost of 77.6 €/MWh H2,LHV (2.35 €/kg H2 ). Alternatively, green e-hydrogen produced partially from onshore wind power and mainly from wave power, can be exported in smaller volumes of 391 TWh H2,LHV annually at 70.6 €/MWh H2,LHV (2.14 €/kg H2 ). For the first time delivered e-hydrogen from offshore renewable energy sources has been documented to be cheaper than from onshore due to scaling of production and transport costs.