2025/01/17 by Anton S Timchenko, М.С. Романов, А.В. Бобров +6 · 1 voice
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · Earth and Planetary Sciences · #Plant Diversity and Evolution #Plant and animal studies #Scarabaeidae Beetle Taxonomy and Biogeography
paper · doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boaf005
Abstract With the aim of determining the plesiomorphic fruit type of Arecaceae–Arecoideae, we conducted a developmental carpological study of all five genera (nine species) of the tribe Iriarteeae, which is often placed in molecular studies as the earliest diverging evolutionary lineage of the subfamily. Three types of mesocarp differentiation and two types of endocarp structure are found in Iriarteeae. The parenchyma of the outer mesocarp zone may contain a brachysclereid belt or a zone of radially elongated fibrous bundles, whereas the inner mesocarp zone mostly includes phenolic-containing cells, longitudinal vascular bundles and, in Iriartea only, fibrous bundles. Iriartea, Iriartella setigera, Socratea exorrhiza, and Wettinia fascicularis fruits have a lignified endocarp and treated as pyrenariums of the Ilex type, whereas Dictyocaryum, Socratea hecatonandra, Wettinia castanea, and Wettinia quinaria have an unspecialized endocarp and are treated as coenocarpous berries of the Nuphar type. Both morphogenetic fruit types revealed in Iriarteeae are also traced in other studied Arecoideae. The pyrenarium of the Ilex type is considered plesiomorphic for all Iriarteeae, and may represent the original fruit type of Arecoideae, whereas a berry of the Nuphar type originated in parallel several times in different species and is considered a homoplasy.