2026/07/24 by Vinceline Bertrand, Ionut Cardei
#cs.CV #cs.LG
Weakly supervised hierarchical models exhibit a persistent asymmetry: coarse lesion-type features are preserved under reconstruction while fine-grained malignancy cues degrade---a pattern with direct consequences for the clinical reliability of breast cancer screening pipelines. We introduce gradient-based orthogonal latent decomposition for hierarchical Variational Autoencoders~(H-VAEs) to mechanistically explain this asymmetry. The latent space is partitioned into a task-aligned component~(z1), shaped by coarse supervisory gradients, and an orthogonal residual~(zres) capturing remaining representational capacity. On~3,550 mammographic Regions of Interest~(ROIs) from CBIS-DDSM, only~∼4.4% of latent magnitude aligns with supervisory gradients, leaving~∼95.6% in the orthogonal residual upon which fine-grained pathology prediction primarily depends. The model achieves Stage-1~AUC~0.866 and Stage 2~AUC~0.552, with a reconstruction stability gap of Δdiag=5% (p=0.005) and a classification gap of ΔAUC=0.314 (p<0.001). Latent ablation confirms that features for both tasks reside heavily in~zres, structurally explaining why reconstruction degrades pathology stability disproportionately. Comparisons with Multi-Instance Learning~(MIL) and Multi-Task Learning~(MTL) confirm generalization across architectures and modalities. These findings reveal that in high-dimensional spaces, a single coarse supervisory signal isolates only a sparse 1D latent direction, forcing critical fine-grained features into the vulnerable residual subspace.