2026/07/26 by Anthony Khairallah, Nour Kouzayha, Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri +1
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This paper investigates an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) architecture that integrates wake-up radio (WuR) and energy harvesting for sustainable device operation. In the proposed system, UAVs transmit radio-frequency (RF) signals that both trigger device activation and replenish stored energy. The IoT device's behavior is modeled as a discrete-time Markov chain, which captures the evolution of its battery level and operational state (asleep or awake), accounting for both energy harvesting and energy consumption. Leveraging stochastic geometry and discrete-time Markov-chain analysis, we develop a comprehensive mathematical framework to assess system performance. We reveal a tradeoff between transmission frequency and energy consumption, and demonstrate that tuning of system parameters, such as UAV density, can significantly improve both energy efficiency and transmission reliability.