2018/02/23 by Justyna Rogowska, Ewa Olkowska, Wojciech Ratajczyk +1 · 3 citations
Chemistry · Earth and Planetary Sciences · Materials Science · #Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis #Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes #Radioactive element chemistry and processing
paper · pdf · doi:10.1002/etc.4116
openalex publication_date 2018/02/23 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01
ion, without toxic effects. Generally, GBCAs are considered some of the safest contrast agents. However, it has been observed that they can accumulate in patient tissue, bone, and probably brain (causing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with kidney failure or insufficiency and disturbance of calcium homeostasis in the organism). The GBCAs are predominantly removed renally without metabolization. Subsequently, they do not undergo degradation processes in wastewater-treatment plants and are emitted into the aquatic ecosystem. Their occurrence was confirmed in surface waters (up to 1100 ng/L), sediments (up to 90.5 μg/g), and living organisms. Based on a literature review, there is a need to investigate the contamination of different ecosystems and to ascertain the environmental fate of Gd. Long-term ecotoxicological data, degradation, metabolism, bioaccumulation processes, and biochemical effects of the Gd complexes should be explored. These data can be used to assess detailed environmental risks because currently only hotspots with high levels of Gd can be marked as dangerous for aquatic environments according to environmental risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1523-1534. © 2018 SETAC.