2023/07/24 by Ramin W Parsa-Parsi, Raanan Gillon, R Gillon +1
Health Professions · Medicine · #Ethics in Clinical Research #Ethics in medical practice #Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues
paper · pdf · doi:10.1136/jme-2023-109027
openalex publication_date 2023/07/24 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/27
The World Medical Association (WMA), the global representation of the medical profession, first adopted the International Code of Medical Ethics (ICoME) in 1949 to outline the professional duties of physicians to patients, other physicians and health professionals, themselves and society as a whole. The ICoME recently underwent a major 4-year revision process, culminating in its unanimous adoption by the WMA General Assembly in October 2022 in Berlin. This article describes and discusses the ICoME, its revision process, the controversial and uncontroversial issues, and the broad consensus achieved among WMA constituent members, representing over 10 million physicians worldwide. The authors analyse the ICoME, including its response to contemporary changes and challenges like ethical plurality and globalisation, in light of ethical theories and approaches, reaching the conclusion that the document is a good example of international ethical professional self-regulation.