2014/11/14 by Birgit Stiller, Stiller, Birgit, Ulrich Seyfarth +3
Engineering · Physics and Astronomy · #FOS: Physical sciences #Optical and Acousto-Optic Technologies #Photonic and Optical Devices #Quantum Physics (quant-ph) #Quantum optics and atomic interactions
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1411.3765
openalex publication_date 2014/11/14 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
The modes of the electromagnetic field are solutions of Maxwell's equations taking into account the material boundary conditions. The field modes of classical optics - properly normalized - are also the mode functions of quantum optics. Quantum physics adds that the excitation within each mode is quantized in close analogy to the harmonic oscillator. A complete set of mode functions forms a basis with which any new modes can be reconstructed. In full generality each electromagnetic mode function in the four dimensional space-time is mathematically equivalent to a harmonic oscillator. The quantization of the electromagnetic field defines the excitation per mode and the correlation between modes. In classical optics there can be oscillations and stochastic fluctuations of amplitude, phase, polarization et cetera. In quantum optics there are in addition uncertain quantum field components, quantum correlations and quantized energies. Here, we present selected topics from classical to quantum optics. We start in the second chapter with the classical optics description of a light field and its spectral densities, their measurement and their interpretation. In the third chapter the quantum properties of a single light mode are reviewed as well as ways to measure these quantum properties. Gaussian states of a light mode are emphasized, i. e. states for which the Wigner function has a two dimensional Gaussian shape. The fourth chapter will be concerned with more than one mode presenting a unifying approach to quadratic Hamiltonians including phase conjugation which is related to time reversal.