2025/12/25 by Alireza Sepehri, Sepehri, Alireza, Khan, Muhammad Al-Zafar
Physics and Astronomy · #Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications #Black Holes and Theoretical Physics #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #FOS: Physical sciences #General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc) #High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
paper · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.21522
openalex publication_date 2025/12/25 · openalex created_date 2025/12/30 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
Recently, Padmanabhan has argued that a difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the surface and the number in a bulk causes the expansion of the universe. We can reconsider this idea in a BIon system. A Bion is formed from two branes that are connected by a wormhole. Our universe may live on one of these branes. Each brane could be formed by joining lower-dimensional branes, such as D1 ones. By joining D1 branes, a Dn brane is formed, and some amounts of energy are released. Then, perhaps some dimensions are compacted, and a certain amount of energy is released. These energies cause a significant difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the surface and in the bulk of branes. This causes the evolution of the universe and many changes in thermodynamic parameters, such as entropy, as well as cosmic parameters, including the Hubble constant. We obtain the standard form of the Hubble parameter and its dependency on redshift in a Bion system.