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The degeneracy of the genetic code and Hadamard matrices

2008/02/22 by Sergey Petoukhov, Petoukhov, Sergey V. · 3 citations
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Computer Science · #Algorithms and Data Compression #DNA and Biological Computing #FOS: Biological sciences #Fractal and DNA sequence analysis #Other Quantitative Biology (q-bio.OT)

paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.0802.3366

openalex publication_date 2008/02/22 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28

Abstract

The matrix form of the presentation of the genetic code is described as the cognitive form to analyze structures of the genetic code. A similar matrix form is utilized in the theory of signal processing. The Kronecker family of the genetic matrices is investigated, which is based on the genetic matrix [C A; U G], where C, A, U, G are the letters of the genetic alphabet. This matrix in the third Kronecker power is the (8*8)-matrix, which contains 64 triplets. Peculiarities of the degeneracy of the vertebrate mitochondria genetic code are reflected in the symmetrical black-and-white mosaic of this genetic (8*8)-matrix. This mosaic matrix is connected algorithmically with Hadamard matrices unexpectedly, which are famous in the theory of signal processing, spectral analysis, quantum mechanics and quantum computers. A special decomposition of numeric genetic matrices reveals their close relations with a family of 8-dimensional hypercomplex numbers (not Cayley's octonions). Some hypothesis and thoughts are formulated on the basis of these phenomenological facts.

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