Content validity of the expanded and revised Gross Motor Function Classification System
2008/09/17 by Robert J Palisano, Robert J. Palisano, Peter Rosenbaum +4 · 1,910 citations
Medicine · Psychology · #Artificial intelligence #CLARITY #Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders #Cerebral palsy #Clinical psychology #Computer science #Content validity #Delphi #Delphi method #Developmental psychology #Family and Disability Support Research #Gross Motor Function Classification System #Gross motor skill #Infant Development and Preterm Care #Medicine #Motor function #Motor skill #Physical medicine and rehabilitation #Physical therapy #Psychology #Psychometrics
paper · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03089.x
published in Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 50(10), 744-750 (Wiley)
openalex publication_date 2008/09/17 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate the expanded and revised Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS-E&R) for children and youth with cerebral palsy using group consensus methods. Eighteen physical therapists participated in a nominal group technique to evaluate the draft version of a 12- to 18-year age band. Subsequently, 30 health professionals from seven countries participated in a Delphi survey to evaluate the revised 12- to 18-year and 6- to 12-year age bands. Consensus was defined as agreement with a question by at least 80% of participants. After round 3 of the Delphi survey, consensus was achieved for the clarity and accuracy of the descriptions for each level and the distinctions between levels for both the 12- to 18-year and 6- to 12-year age bands. Participants also agreed that the distinction between capability and performance and the concept that environmental and personal factors influence methods of mobility were useful for classification of gross motor function. The results provide evidence of content validity of the GMFCS-E&R. The GMFCS-E&R has utility for communication, clinical decision making, databases, registries, and clinical research.
Citations
Cited by
- Intervenção de esportes modificados para melhorar metas de participação e competências de atividade em crianças deambuladoras com paralisia cerebral: um ensaio clínico randomizado
- Development of the Gross Motor Function Classification System for cerebral palsy
- Rehumanizar la universidad: formación de comunicadores y Sociedad de la Información
- Age-related Changes in Postural Sway During Sit-to-stand in Typical Children and Children with Cerebral Palsy
- Eye-gaze-driven games to support oculomotor skills in young adults with cerebral palsy using eye-tracking technology: a multiple case study
- Measuring global activity performance in children with cerebral palsy in West Africa: validation of an adapted version of the ACTIVLIM-CP questionnaire
- Development and implementation of a child-specific dynamic stretching exercise programme for ambulant children with spastic cerebral palsy: The SPELL trial
- Photographic Posture Analysis in Children With Cerebral Palsy and Its Relationship With Motor Performance and Trunk Control
- Examining links between somatosensation and cognition in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy
- Effect of Whole-Body Vibration Exercise on Hamstrings-to-Quadriceps Ratio, Walking Performance, and Postural Control in Children With Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- Experiences of participation in daily life of adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy: A scoping review
- Assessing Comprehension of Spoken Language in Nonspeaking Children with Cerebral Palsy: Application of a Newly Developed Computer-Based Instrument
- Development of ankle and knee range of motion after isolated gastrocsoleus lengthening in children with cerebral palsy: a register-based longitudinal cohort study
- Postural Asymmetries and Assistive Devices Used by Adults With Cerebral Palsy in Lying, Sitting, and Standing
- Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Limb Spasticity in Childhood Cerebral Palsy
- Using knowledge brokers to facilitate the uptake of pediatric measurement tools into clinical practice: a before-after intervention study. [europepmc]
- Adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes after exposure to phenobarbital and levetiracetam for the treatment of neonatal seizures. [europepmc]
- Prevalence of cerebral palsy, co-occurring autism spectrum disorders, and motor functioning - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, USA, 2008. [europepmc]
- Ankle-foot orthoses in children with cerebral palsy: a cross sectional population based study of 2200 children. [europepmc]
- Long term motor function after neonatal stroke: Lesion localization above all. [europepmc]
- Decision Trees for Detection of Activity Intensity in Youth with Cerebral Palsy. [europepmc]
- Girls and Boys Born before 28 Weeks Gestation: Risks of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurologic Outcomes at Age 10 Years. [europepmc]
- Cerebral palsy. [europepmc]
- Rodent Hypoxia-Ischemia Models for Cerebral Palsy Research: A Systematic Review. [europepmc]
- Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy among 8-Year-Old Children in 2010 and Preliminary Evidence of Trends in Its Relationship to Low Birthweight. [europepmc]
- Multimorbidity in Middle-Aged Adults with Cerebral Palsy. [europepmc]
- Neurologic Correlates of Gait Abnormalities in Cerebral Palsy: Implications for Treatment. [europepmc]
- Overview of Four Functional Classification Systems Commonly Used in Cerebral Palsy. [europepmc]
- Neurocognitive Outcomes at 10 Years of Age in Extremely Preterm Newborns with Late-Onset Bacteremia. [europepmc]
- Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy. [europepmc]
- A lower-extremity exoskeleton improves knee extension in children with crouch gait from cerebral palsy. [europepmc]
- Incidence of scoliosis in cerebral palsy. [europepmc]
- Cognitive Development and Quality of Life Associated With BPD in 10-Year-Olds Born Preterm. [europepmc]
- Recommendations for the design of therapeutic trials for neonatal seizures. [europepmc]
- Association of Infants Exposed to Prenatal Zika Virus Infection With Their Clinical, Neurologic, and Developmental Status Evaluated via the General Movement Assessment Tool. [europepmc]
- Cerebral Palsy: Early Markers of Clinical Phenotype and Functional Outcome. [europepmc]
- An overview of health issues and development in a large clinical cohort of children with Angelman syndrome. [europepmc]
- A Randomized Trial of Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Preterm Infants. [europepmc]
- Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options. [europepmc]
- Prevention and management of respiratory disease in young people with cerebral palsy: consensus statement. [europepmc]
Related