2022/01/19 by Bennet Yee, Yee, Bennet, Dawn Song +5 · 1 citation
Computer Science · #Blockchain Technology Applications and Security #Cloud Computing and Resource Management #Cryptography and Security (cs.CR) #Distributed systems and fault tolerance #FOS: Computer and information sciences
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2201.07920
openalex publication_date 2022/01/19 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
Blockchains combine a distributed append-only log with a virtual machine that defines how log entries are interpreted. By viewing transactions as state transformation functions for the virtual machine, we separate the naming of a state from the computation of its value and reaching consensus on that value. This distinction allows us to separate the notion of transaction order finality from state value finality. Further consideration of how blockchain governance handles catastrophic failures such as zero day exploits leads us to the notion of checkpoint finality. Consensus on the transaction order determines the ground truth. Everything else -- computing the value of a state or handling catastrophic failures such as bugs / zero-day based attacks -- are just optimizations.