2025/10/02 by Kasmaei Najaf Abadi, Hakimeh, Tavassoli Kajani, Majid, Allame, Masoud
#Collocation #Pantograph equation #Shifted Muntz orthogonal functions #Stability
paper · doi:10.57647/ijm2c.2026.160106
Pantograph equations are considered as a special type of delay differential equations with proportional delay and have numerous applications. This paper introduces a collocation method for solving first-order pantograph equations using shifted Muntz (SM) orthogonal functions. Unlike classical polynomials or Muntz-Legendre bases (e.g., [2]), SM functions incorporate logarithmic terms and exhibit real, simple roots in (0,1). Leveraging these roots as collocation points within a domain decomposition framework, we achieve high-precision solutions-particularly advantageous for inherently non-polynomial pantograph solutions. We derive rigorous error estimates, establish method stability, and demonstrate significant accuracy gains over existing techniques. Numerical experiments confirm the method’s efficacy, underscoring the superior approximation capability of SM functions for pantograph-type problems. All computations in this study were performed using Maple 2021 software. The codes were executed on a PC equipped with an Intel® CoreTM i5-10210U processor (1.60 GHz ) and 8 GB DDR4 RAM running Windows 10.