2025/07/17 by Khan, Rayan Ahmed
Arts and Humanities · Psychology · #AI ethics #Arts and Humanities #E(x) theory #Ethics and Political Philosophy #FOS: Philosophy #FOS: Psychology #Other Philosophy #Philosophy #Philosophy of Mind #Psychology #Religion #Religious Thought #Social and Behavioral Sciences #Theology and Philosophy of Religion #Theory and Philosophy #bioethics #ethics and religion #human dignity #human identity #metaphysical anthropology #ontological self #personhood #philosophy of mind #rational will #religious philosophy #theological ethics
paper · doi:10.17605/osf.io/mxqet
This research introduces Pneumatism, a metaphysical theory of human identity that integrates biological, rational, and spiritual structures. The paper argues that human beings cannot be fully defined by neuroscience or materialist theories alone. Instead, they possess an inherent metaphysical essence—E(x)—which grounds universal human dignity, moral agency, and the capacity for ethical reasoning. Drawing from Islamic, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist, and Taoist traditions, as well as from Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Iqbal, and Ibn Arabi, the paper proposes a unified, non-reductive framework rooted in philosophical logic and comparative theology. It engages with contemporary materialist positions like eliminative materialism, functionalism, and constructivism, offering counterarguments and formal models. The central equation I(x) = B(x) + R(x) + E(x) models identity as the sum of biological existence, rational will, and metaphysical embodiment. This formulation enables a robust foundation for human rights, personhood, and the ethical treatment of all individuals—especially those overlooked by reductionist bioethics. Pneumatism is proposed as a universal framework for academic philosophy, religious studies, legal theory, and AI ethics.