From External Regulation to Self-Regulation: Early Parenting Precursors of Young Children’s Executive Functioning
2010/01/01 by Annie Bernier, Stephanie M Carlson, Stephanie M. Carlson +1 · 1,377 citations
Psychology · Social Sciences · #Autonomy #Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development #Child development #Child rearing #Cognition #Developmental psychology #Early Childhood Education and Development #Executive functions #Maternal sensitivity #Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior #Psychology #Self-control #Typically developing #Working memory
paper · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.x
published in Child Development 81(1), 326-339 (Wiley)
openalex publication_date 2010/01/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/03
Abstract
In keeping with proposals emphasizing the role of early experience in infant brain development, this study investigated the prospective links between quality of parent-infant interactions and subsequent child executive functioning (EF), including working memory, impulse control, and set shifting. Maternal sensitivity, mind-mindedness and autonomy support were assessed when children were 12 to 15 months old (N = 80). Child EF was assessed at 18 and 26 months. All three parenting dimensions were found to relate to child EF. Autonomy support was the strongest predictor of EF at each age, independent of general cognitive ability and maternal education. These findings add to previous results on child stress-response systems in suggesting that parent-child relationships may play an important role in children's developing self-regulatory capacities.
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