2006/03/06 by John Hodge, John C. Hodge, Hodge, John C.
Physics and Astronomy · #Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics #Astronomy and Astrophysical Research #Astrophysics (astro-ph) #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #FOS: Physical sciences #astro-ph
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0603140
4 pages, submitted to Phys. Rev. D-15
arxiv created 2006/03/06 · openalex publication_date 2006/03/06 · arxiv updated 2009/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
A derivation of a theoretical, time average, cosmic microwave background (CMB), Planckian temperature V of the universe remains a challenge. A scalar potential model (SPM) that resulted from considerations of galaxy cells is applied to deriving a value for V. The heat equation is solved for a cell with the boundary conditions of SPM Source and Sink characteristics, with simplified cell characteristics, and with zero initial temperature. The universe is a collection of cells. The CMB radiation is black body radiation with the cells acting as radiators and absorbers. Conventional thermodynamics is applied to calculate V = 2.718 K. The temperature and matter content of cells are finely controlled by a feedback mechanism. Because time is required for matter to flow from Sources to Sinks, the radiation temperature of cells cycles about V after an initial growth phase. If the universe is like an ideal gas in free expansion and is not in thermal equilibrium, then the pressure and volume follow the measured CMB temperature vm = 2.725 K. Therefore, increasing vm >V equates to an expansion pressure on matter and expanding volume.