2022/06/04 by Ronan Perry, Julius von Kügelgen, Perry, Ronan +3 · 5 citations
Computer Science · Environmental Science · Mathematics · #Advanced Causal Inference Techniques #Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) #Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference #FOS: Computer and information sciences #Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging #Machine Learning (cs.LG) #Machine Learning (stat.ML) #Methodology (stat.ME)
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2206.02013
openalex publication_date 2022/06/04 · openalex created_date 2022/06/13 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
Machine learning approaches commonly rely on the assumption of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) data. In reality, however, this assumption is almost always violated due to distribution shifts between environments. Although valuable learning signals can be provided by heterogeneous data from changing distributions, it is also known that learning under arbitrary (adversarial) changes is impossible. Causality provides a useful framework for modeling distribution shifts, since causal models encode both observational and interventional distributions. In this work, we explore the sparse mechanism shift hypothesis, which posits that distribution shifts occur due to a small number of changing causal conditionals. Motivated by this idea, we apply it to learning causal structure from heterogeneous environments, where i.i.d. data only allows for learning an equivalence class of graphs without restrictive assumptions. We propose the Mechanism Shift Score (MSS), a score-based approach amenable to various empirical estimators, which provably identifies the entire causal structure with high probability if the sparse mechanism shift hypothesis holds. Empirically, we verify behavior predicted by the theory and compare multiple estimators and score functions to identify the best approaches in practice. Compared to other methods, we show how MSS bridges a gap by both being nonparametric as well as explicitly leveraging sparse changes.