2021/04/05 by Jong-Ping Hsu, Hsu, Jong-Ping, Leonardo Hsu +1
Physics and Astronomy · #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #FOS: Physical sciences #General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc) #High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th) #Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories #Relativity and Gravitational Theory
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.02183
openalex publication_date 2021/04/05 · openalex created_date 2021/04/13 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
We discuss highly simplified dynamic models for the beginning, expansion and future of the universe based on the strong cosmological principle and Yang-Mills gravity in flat space-time. We derive a relativistic Okubo equation of motion for galaxies with a time-dependent effective metric tensor Gμν(t). The strong cosmological principle states that Gμν(t)=\eμν A2(t) for t ≥ 0. In a model (HHK) with Yang-Mills gravity in the super-macroscopic limit, one has A(t)= ao t1/2, which leads to the initial mass run away velocity r(0)=c, associated with r(0)=ro>0. Thus, the Okubo equation of motion for galaxies predicts a `detonation' at the beginning of the universe. The Okubo equation also implies r(∞) → ∞, r(∞) → 0 with zero redshift for the future of the universe. In addition, the Okubo equation leads to the usual Hubble's law r(t) ≈ H(t) r(t), where H(t)=A(t)/A(t) in non-relativistic approximation. We also discuss a model with a strict Hubble linear relation r(t) ≈ const.× r(t) for all time. This model gives a silent beginning of the universe: r(t)=0, r(t)→∞ as t → 0; and final radius r(t) → ∞, final velocity, r(t) → c, r(t)→ 0 as t → ∞. In all models with the strong cosmological principle in flat space-time, Hubble's recession velocities are predicted to have a maximum, i.e., the speed of light, as measured in an inertial frame.