2024/11/19 by Tom Reichert, Reichert, Tom, Jörg Aichelin +1
Mathematics · Physics and Astronomy · #FOS: Physical sciences #High-Energy Particle Collisions Research #Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex) #Nuclear Theory (nucl-th) #Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions #Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.12908
openalex publication_date 2024/11/19 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/03
The mechanism for generating directed and elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions is investigated and quantified for the SIS18 and SIS100 energy regimes. The observed negative elliptic flow v2, at midrapidity has been explained either via (in-plane) shadowing or via (out-of-plane) squeeze-out. To settle this question, we employ the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics model (UrQMD) to calculate Au+Au collisions at Elab=0.6A GeV, Elab=1.23A GeV and √(sNN)=3.0 GeV using a hard Skyrme type Equation-of-State to calculate the time evolution and generation of directed flow and elliptic flow. We quantitatively distinguish the impact of collisions and of the potential on v1 and v2 during the evolution of the system. These calculations reveal that in this energy regime the generation of v1 and v2 follows from a highly intricate interplay of different processes and is created late, after the system has reached its highest density and has created a matter bridge between projectile and target remnant, which later breaks. Initially, we find a strong out-of-plane pressure. Then follows a strong stopping and the built up of an in-plane pressure. The v2, created by both processes, compensate to a large extend. The finally observed v2 is caused by the potential, reflects the freeze-out geometry and can neither be associated to squeeze-out nor to shadowing. The results are highly relevant for experiments at GSI, RHIC-FXT and the upcoming FAIR facility, but also for experiments at FRIB, and strengthens understanding on the Equation-of-State at large baryon densities.