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The Expressive Power of Tuning Only the Normalization Layers

2023/02/15 by Angeliki Giannou, Giannou, Angeliki, Shashank Rajput +3 · 4 citations
Computer Science · #Advanced Neural Network Applications #Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) #Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning #FOS: Computer and information sciences #Machine Learning (cs.LG) #Machine Learning (stat.ML) #Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques

paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.07937

openalex publication_date 2023/02/15 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01

Abstract

Feature normalization transforms such as Batch and Layer-Normalization have become indispensable ingredients of state-of-the-art deep neural networks. Recent studies on fine-tuning large pretrained models indicate that just tuning the parameters of these affine transforms can achieve high accuracy for downstream tasks. These findings open the questions about the expressive power of tuning the normalization layers of frozen networks. In this work, we take the first step towards this question and show that for random ReLU networks, fine-tuning only its normalization layers can reconstruct any target network that is O(√(width)) times smaller. We show that this holds even for randomly sparsified networks, under sufficient overparameterization, in agreement with prior empirical work.

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