2025/10/07 by Aleksandar Petrov, Petrov, Aleksandar, Pierre Fernandez +5 · 2 citations
Computer Science · #Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques #Computers and Society (cs.CY) #Cryptography and Security (cs.CR) #Digital Rights Management and Security #FOS: Computer and information sciences #Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.12812
openalex publication_date 2025/10/07 · openalex created_date 2025/10/17 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
Despite rapid progress in deep learning-based image watermarking, the capacity of current robust methods remains limited to the scale of only a few hundred bits. Such plateauing progress raises the question: How far are we from the fundamental limits of image watermarking? To this end, we present an analysis that establishes upper bounds on the message-carrying capacity of images under PSNR and linear robustness constraints. Our results indicate theoretical capacities are orders of magnitude larger than what current models achieve. Our experiments show this gap between theoretical and empirical performance persists, even in minimal, easily analysable setups. This suggests a fundamental problem. As proof that larger capacities are indeed possible, we train ChunkySeal, a scaled-up version of VideoSeal, which increases capacity 4 times to 1024 bits, all while preserving image quality and robustness. These findings demonstrate modern methods have not yet saturated watermarking capacity, and that significant opportunities for architectural innovation and training strategies remain.