The Covariance between Relatives for Characters Composed of Components Contributed by Related Individuals

1963/03/01 by R. L. Willham · 391 citations
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Mathematics · Psychology · #Artificial intelligence #Biology #Character (mathematics) #Computer science #Covariance #Evolutionary biology #Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals #Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock #Genetics #Genetics and Plant Breeding #Genotype #Mathematics #Mating #Offspring #Psychology #Selection (genetic algorithm) #Statistics #Variance (accounting)

paper · doi:10.2307/2527570

published in Biometrics 19(1), 18 (Oxford University Press)

openalex publication_date 1963/03/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/25

Abstract

SUMMARY For some species in which family members are dependent on or are in close proximity to one another, a character may be composed of several conceptual components, some being contributed by related individuals. A general expression for the genotypic covariance between relatives is synthesized for such characters when mating is random. The relationships between individuals contributing to a measure of the character are important in defining the genotypic variance and the response to selection. A character of an offspring influenced by a maternal effect illustrates

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