1984/10/01 by P. M. H. Dummer, PAUL M. H. DUMMER, JOHN H. McGINN +2
Dentistry · Health Professions · #Dental Radiography and Imaging #Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments #Occupational health in dentistry
paper · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.1984.tb00404.x
openalex publication_date 1984/10/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
Abstract. Two hundred and seventy extracted human teeth of unknown age were evaluated for apex to foramen and apex to constriction distances, in addition the topography of the apical portion of the root canal was studied under × 20 magnification. The mean A–F distance was 0.38 mm and the mean A–C distance 0.89 mm, although it must be stressed that a wide range of values was observed. Four distinct types of apical constriction were routinely found, whilst a proportion of canals were apparently blocked. The study confirms the view that it is impossible, with complete certainty, to establish the position of the apical canal constriction during root canal therapy, but indicates that a combination of methods might be more successful than reliance on one.